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Electoral Manipulation in Liberal Democracies
Future generations will consider the beginning of the 21st century as a historic moment when the effectiveness of elections as a democratic procedure began to be exhausted. The primary reason for this phenomenon is the refinement of existing and the emergence of entirely new tools used to manipulate both the results at the polls and the election outcome. Online communication, big data, psychographics and behavioural microtargeting are new weapons politicians have come to wield. In fact, they do not hesitate to use them in the game they play with voters, crushing the very democratic foundations of election integrity in the process. Contemporary democracy fails to find any socially effective response to disinformation, alternative facts, or partisan agencification of the media. As citizens, we most often learn about this too late, once a repentant whistleblower has decided to inform the general public. However, since the political system is increasingly less capable of institutionally guaranteeing the integrity of the electoral process, it should not be surprising that questions arise about the objectification and instrumentalisation of the voters role in democracy.
Safety Information
For use under direct adult supervision, Need to use protective measures. Do not use in traffic, Not suitable for children under the specified age. For use under adult supervision, This toy does not offer protection, Includes a toy. Adult supervision recommended
It has the CE mark confirming compliance with the requirements of the European Union directive for this type of device.
CE Declaration of Conformity | Complies with EN-71 - Safety of toys
For children over 3 years of age
It has the CE mark confirming compliance with the requirements of the European Union directive - Compliant with the EN-71 standard - Safety of toys
Manufacturer details
Wydawnictwo Adam Marszałek
Lubicka 44
87-100 Toruń
Poland
730260740
[email protected]
